smoke shops selling tax free cigarettes are against the law Fake smuggled and illegal vapes were all seized from city shop after a visit from Trading Standards Non-Cigarette Tobacco Products and POS

Nature (2000) 404(6778):63543

Oxidative Stress and Cell Damage Many vaping chemicals generate oxidative stress, a condition where harmful free radicals damage cells faster than the body can repair them

Unlike smoking cigarettes, which involves burning tobacco and inhaling harmful smoke, vaping uses a heating element to vaporise the liquid, which often contains nicotine to address nicotine dependency, flavourings, and other additives

Animal experiments and treatments Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (8 weeks old, weighed 180200 g) were purchased from SLAC Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd

The rectangular case can hold 16 pieces of cigarettes